高精度航天器微振动地面试验研究进展

Research progress on ground-based micro-vibration testing for high-precision spacecraft

  • 摘要: 微振动是制约高精度航天器指向性能的核心因素之一,微振动试验范围覆盖“单机—分系统—整器”全流程。文章系统梳理了近20年国内外微振动研究进展:对比了反作用飞轮、制冷机等典型扰源的扰振力测量技术与适用范围;将微振动环境的产生归为“真实扰源”与“模拟激励”两类,分析了Gough-Stewart平台在带宽、幅值及重力补偿方面的迭代;将自由边界模拟的方式分为底部支撑、顶部悬吊及组合式,统计了0.1~0.6 Hz超低频悬吊实例;整器级试验内容包括指向精度、传递特性与光路像移三类,比较了加速度计、激光PSD与光学靶标等测量手段的性能。最后展望了提高微振动试验精度的试验设备与方法,以期为我国亚0.01″级指向航天器的地面试验提供支撑。

     

    Abstract: Micro-vibration is one of the core factors limiting the pointing accuracy of high-precision spacecraft. Ground-based micro-vibration tests are conducted to evaluate spacecraft performance in space environments, covering the full range from component-level to subsystem- and system-level tests. This paper presents a systematic review of research advancements in this field over the past two decades. Force measurement techniques and their applicable ranges for typical disturbance sources, such as reaction-wheel assemblies and cryocoolers, are compared. Methods for generating micro-vibration environments are classified into real disturbances and simulated excitations; the development of Gough-Stewart platforms with regard to bandwidth, amplitude, and gravity compensation is analyzed. Free boundary simulation methods are categorized as bottom-support, top-suspension, and hybrid configurations, with statistics on ultra-low frequency suspension cases (0.1-0.6 Hz) presented. System-level tests addressing pointing accuracy, transfer characteristics, and optical path image motion are summarized, and the performance of measurement techniques such as accelerometers, laser PSD, and optical targets is evaluated. Finally, future directions for test equipment and methods to improve micro-vibration test accuracy are discussed. The goal is to support ground-based testing for spacecraft requiring sub-0.01″ pointing accuracy in China.

     

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